The oceans of Europa may be habitable, according to a new model developed by NASA. This moon — 3,100 km (1,900 miles) in diameter — is the fourth-largest moon orbiting Jupiter. Although smaller than our own Moon, Europa is larger than Pluto. The Voyager and Galileo spacecraft revealed images and data from Europa revealing vast storehouses of water beneath the surface of the giant moon. However, the chemical makeup of these extraterrestrial oceans remains uncertain. Using information collected during the Galileo mission, researchers from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory simulated conditions beneath these alien seas. Orbiting around Jupiter, five times further from than Sun than is the Earth, Europa is, at a quick glance, a frozen world. However, under its frozen surface sit oceans far greater than those on our homeworld. Radioactive decay or gravitational forces from its massive partner heat the ice, melting it into massive, subterranean oceans. This heat also wears on mineral deposits, releasing water. “We were able to model the composition and physical properties of the core, silicate layer, and ocean. We find that different minerals lose water and volatiles at different depths and temperatures,” Mohit Melwani Daswani, ,a geochemist and planetary scientist at JPL, explains. The team found that the amount of mass they expected to find missing from the crust of Europa was nearly the same as the mass of the oceans, suggesting water on that world came from minerals found on Europa. The study also suggested that worlds orbiting other stars may also form water through chemical and physical processes unfolding on mineral deposits. [Read: Oceans on alien worlds are more common than you think, study reveals] “Scientists think Europa’s ice shell is 10 to 15 miles (15 to 25 kilometers) thick, floating on an ocean 40 to 100 miles (60 to 150 kilometers) deep. So while Europa is only one-fourth the diameter of Earth, its ocean may contain twice as much water as all of Earth’s oceans combined,” NASA describes. Although Europa is likely to be as old as the solar system — four -and-a-half billion years of age — the surface is just 20 to 180 million years old. Far from being a featureless world, Europa is drizzled with detail and intricate beauty. The magnetic field of Europa also provides evidence for the presence of a liquid water ocean beneath the icy surface. Europa could offer one of the best places in the Solar System to find life, and this recent study makes such a possibility more likely. Previously, most researchers believed the oceans of Europa would be sulfur-rich. But, this new model suggests the waters of Europa would be laced with chlorides, much like the salty oceans of Earth. Studies suggest vents, similar to those on Earth, could form on the ocean floor of Europa, feeding chemicals and warmth to the alien oceans. Comets, drawn by the powerful gravitational force of Jupiter, would pummel Europa in vast numbers. Many of these icy visitors from the outer solar system would bring organic materials, sprinkling Europa with some of the basic building blocks of life. And, much like Earth, chemical reactions on Europa produce 10 times as much oxygen as hydrogen. This quality might make the development of life on Europa even more likely. However, how warm all these heating sources makes the water remains a mystery, worthy of exploration. Voyager 1 and 2 made their way past the Jovian system (including Europa) in 1979. Voyager 2 found a pair of dark brown lines on the surface of this moon, suggesting cracks in the icy surface — evidence for a watery body beneath. The oceans of Europa were confirmed by the Galileo mission, which orbited the mighty planet from 1995 yo 2003.
In the video above, a look at the water world Europa. The draw to explore Europa further is inciting, and NASA plans to venture there again with the Europa Clipper, due for launch sometime between 2023 and 2025. “Europa is one of our best chances of finding life in our solar system. NASA’s Europa Clipper mission will launch in the next few years, and so our work aims to prepare for the mission, which will investigate Europa’s habitability,” Deswani continues. The Europa Clipper will bring nine instruments to bear on the mysterious moon. Cameras will be joined by thermal detectors, magnetometers, and radars designed to peer beneath the ice. The spacecraft is expected to make more than 40 orbits around Europa, at distances ranging from 25 to 2,700 km (16 to 1,700 miles) above the surface of the world. Flying this close to Europa, the Clipper will experience massive exposure to potentially damaging radiation. The elongated orbit minimizes exposure to the craft. In addition, the JUpiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE), envisioned for flight sometime in the next decade, will search Europa for organic molecules, including those associated with life. This recent study is currently being discussed at the Goldschmidt Virtual Conference, being held June 21–26, 2020. This article was originally published on The Cosmic Companion by James Maynard, founder and publisher of The Cosmic Companion. He is a New England native turned desert rat in Tucson, where he lives with his lovely wife, Nicole, and Max the Cat. You can read this original piece here. Astronomy News with The Cosmic Companion is also available as a weekly podcast, carried on all major podcast providers. Tune in every Tuesday for updates on the latest astronomy news, and interviews with astronomers and other researchers working to uncover the nature of the Universe.
